COVID-19 Vaccine Research Articles

The experience of intercultural mediators in the Italian COVID-19 vaccination campaign

ABSTRACT This research investigates the experience of intercultural mediators who worked with local health authorities and civil society organizations to disseminate information about COVID-19 vaccines to migrants in two Italian territories. Interviews with intercultural mediators underlined the challenges that they faced when translating on the frontline of the vaccination campaign, including the translation of highly specialized terminology and the handling of vaccine-hesitant narratives circulating among the migrant population. In the context of COVID-19, translation involved not only transmission between languages, but also a negotiation between medical discourse and the hopes, concerns, fears, and desires of a culturally and linguistically diverse population.

Navigating parental attitudes on childhood vaccination in Jordan: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT This study investigated parental attitudes toward childhood vaccination in Jordan, focusing on acceptance, concerns, and perceptions. A cross-sectional survey conducted from January to February 2024 included 939 parents. Findings indicated that 85.4% (n = 802) of respondents received the COVID-19 vaccine, while only 25% (n = 229) vaccinated their children. Concerns regarding vaccine safety and efficacy were prevalent, with 63.9% (n = 600) expressing worries about side effects and 46.9% (n = 440) trusting immunization programs. Post-pandemic, 34% (n = 319) reported a more negative attitude. Logistic regression showed parents not vaccinating their children against COVID-19 were significantly less likely to exhibit positive attitudes toward childhood vaccination (OR = 0.412, p < 0.001). Older participants were more inclined toward negativity post-pandemic (OR = 1.031, p = 0.007). In conclusion, parental attitudes shifted post-COVID-19, reflecting hesitancy and decreased trust. Addressing concerns and restoring confidence are crucial, especially for children’s health. Education through healthcare providers and dispelling social media misinformation are essential. Implementing strategies to enhance post-pandemic vaccine acceptance is imperative for preventing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Ischemic and Inflammatory Ocular Adverse Events Following Different Types of Vaccination for COVID-19, and Their Incidence Analysis.

To evaluate the ocular adverse event (OAE) and the incidence rate that can occur after coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. Patients who visited with an ophthalmologic diagnosis within a month of COVID-19 vaccination were retrospectively analyzed. OAEs were categorized as ischemia and inflammation by their presumed pathogenesis, and were compared by types of vaccine: messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and viral vector vaccine. The crude incidence rate was calculated using data from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Twenty-four patients with OAEs after COVID-19 vaccination were reviewed: 10 patients after mRNA and 14 after viral vector vaccine. Retinal vein occlusion (9 patients) and paralytic strabismus (4 patients) were the leading diagnoses. Ischemic OAE was likely to occur after viral vector vaccines, while inflammatory OAE was closely related to mRNA vaccine (p=0.017). The overall incidence rate of OAE was 5.8 cases per million doses: 11.5 per million doses in viral vector vaccine and 3.4 per million doses in mRNA vaccine. OAEs can be observed shortly after the COVID-19 vaccination, and their category was different based on the types of vaccine. The information and incidence of OAE based on the type of vaccine can help monitor patients who were administered the COVID-19 vaccine.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top 10 threats to global health, which affects the prevalence and fatality of vaccine-preventable diseases over the world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people living with HIV (PLWH) may have higher risks of infection, more serious complications, and worse prognosis without the protection of the COVID-19 vaccine. A systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLWH was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for studies published between January 1, 2020, and August 31, 2022. The pooled prevalence with a corresponding 95%CI of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLWH was reported. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore variation in prevalence across different categories. 23 studies with a total of 19,922 PLWH were included in this study. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLWH was 34.0%, and the influencing factors included male, influenza vaccination experience, and a CD4 count of more than 200 cells/mm3. Subgroup analysis did not identify significant causes of heterogeneity but showed that the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLWH varies by study period, region, and race. Although all PLWH are recommended to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, a large proportion of them remain hesitant to be vaccinated. Therefore, governments and relevant institutions should take specific measures to encourage and promote vaccination to improve the coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine among PLWH.

Epitopes of an antibody that neutralizes a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a conserved subdomain 1 of the spike protein.

The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued, enabling the virus to escape from host immunity by changing its spike antigen, while biased toward the receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain. Here, we isolated a novel pan-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (which we named MO11) for even the recent dominators XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1, from a convalescent patient who had received three doses of an original mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the spike-MO11 complex at 2.3 Å atomic resolution revealed that it recognizes a conserved epitope hidden behind a glycan shield at N331 on subdomain 1 (SD1), holding both the N- and C-terminal segments comprising SD1. Our identification of MO11 unveiled the functional importance of SD1 for the spike's function, and we discuss the potential availability of a novel common epitope among the SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCENovel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants with immune evasion ability are still repeatedly emerging, nonetheless, a part of immunity developed in responding to the antigen of earlier variants retains efficacy against recent variants irrespective of the numerous mutations. In exploration for the broadly effective antibodies, we identified a cross-neutralizing antibody, named MO11, from the B cells of the convalescent patient. MO11 targets a novel epitope in subdomain 1 (SD1) and was effective against all emerging variants including XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1. The neutralizing activity covering from D614G to EG.5.1 variants was explained by the conservation of the epitope, and it revealed the importance of the subdomain on regulating the function of the antigen for viral infection. Demonstrated identification of the neutralizing antibody that recognizes a conserved epitope implies basal contribution of such group of antibodies for prophylaxis against COVID-19.

Tackling the social marketing formative research bottleneck: comparative analysis of the complementary nature of community-generated personas and focus groups

Purpose This study aims to understand the utility of personas and illustrate, through a case study, how a persona-building exercise in a Community Based Prevention Marketing (CBPM) training of community leaders elicited important insights that complemented findings from ongoing formative research on vaccine hesitancy in the Hispanic/Latino population in the USA during COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory concurrent parallel qualitative study design compared three personas created by community-based organization members (n = 37) to transcripts from five formative research focus groups (n = 30) from the same project. All participants in this study were recruited by the National COVID-19 Resiliency Network as part of their capacity-building and formative research activities. Grounded theory guided the content analysis. Findings This study found personas and focus groups to be complementary. A high degree of co-occurrence was observed when investigating the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine under the categories of barriers, culture and communication. Between the two methods, the authors found strong associations between fear, disruption to the value system, work-related barriers, inaccessibility to health care and information sources and misinformation. Areas of divergence were negligible. Research limitations/implications While personas provided background information about the population and sharing “how” to reach the priority population, focus groups provided the “why” behind the behavior, followed by “how”. Practical implications A community-driven persona-building process built on cultural community knowledge and existing data can build community capacity, provide rich information to assist in the creation of tailored messages, strategies and overall interventions during a public health crisis and provide user-centered, evidence-based information about a priority population while researchers and practitioners wait on the results from formative research. Originality/value This case study provided a unique opportunity to analyze the complementary effectiveness of two methods acting in tandem to understand the priority population: stakeholder-informed persona-building and participant-informed focus group interviews. Understanding their complementary nature addresses a time gap that often exists between researchers and practitioners during times of crises and builds on recommendations associated with bringing rigor into practice, promoting academic contribution to real-world issues and building collaborative partnerships. Finally, it supports the utility of a nimble tool that improves social marketers’ ability to know more about their audience for intervention design when time is of the essence and formative research is ongoing.

Oncology: What You May Have Missed in 2023.

Advances in oncology treatment methods have improved outcomes and quality of life for patients with cancer. However, care of these patients can be complex, and the contribution of physicians from different specialties is crucial. This article highlights important publications from 2023 on topics across a wide spectrum relating to the management of oncology patients. The literature was screened for significant new evidence that is relevant to internal medicine specialists and subspecialists whose focus is not oncology. Two articles address the importance of social interventions targeting end-of-life care for low-income and minority patients and the well-being of caregivers. Two additional articles address screening considerations in patients at risk for colorectal and lung cancer. Two more articles address safe use of hormone-related therapies to treat symptoms of menopause and prevent disease recurrence or progression in patients diagnosed with noninvasive breast neoplasia. Finally, several articles were included on topics related to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer, use of cannabinoids for cancer pain control, chronic autoimmune adverse effects related to use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the incidence of second primary neoplasms.

A devastating blow: personal reflections on Argentina's scientific decline.

As an Argentine scientist, the defunding of CONICET and INTA feels like a blow to progress and our future. Despite free education, these cuts force talented researchers to seek opportunities abroad. Argentina's history of scientific achievement, from Nobel Prizes to COVID-19 vaccines, is at risk. Defunding science weakens our ability to solve problems and compete globally.

Use of Big Data to Evaluate Adverse Ophthalmic Adverse Events after COVID-19 Vaccination

Purpose: This study explored the types and incidences of adverse ophthalmic adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination and their associations with such vaccination in patients who presented to the sole local, tertiary, general hospital in region Ulsan of South Korea complaining of ophthalmic discomfort after COVID-19 vaccination.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ulsan University Hospital, which is the only tertiary general hospital in Ulsan city. All participants visited the hospital from March 2021 to August 2022 complaining of ophthalmic discomfort after COVID-19 vaccination. Clinical variables were collected from both our clinical data warehouse and the electronic medical records of the hospital.Results: To date, 2,766,569 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Ulsan city. A total of 97 cases of vaccination-related adverse ophthalmic events have been confirmed. In 21 of these cases, irreversible sequelae persisted after the side-effects. Most symptoms developed within 1 week after vaccination (mean 5.06 ± 6.86 days). The most common symptom was visual disturbance (67 cases), followed by ocular pain (19 cases) and double vision (16 cases). The most frequent diagnoses associated with irreversible sequelae were neurological diseases (7 cases), retinal diseases (5 cases), and glaucoma (5 cases). The frequencies of side effects were highest for those of BNT162b2 status (34 cases), followed by those of ChAdOx1 (30), mRNA-1273 (20), and Ad26.COV2.S (4).Conclusions: In contrast to other vaccinations, COVID-19 vaccination was viewed as urgent; a few known ophthalmic side effects developed after vaccination. Although such adverse events are rare, affected patients must be closely monitored; the sequelae may be irreversible.

Immediate Adverse Reaction and SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike Receptor Binding Domain IgG of COVID-19 Vaccines Among Health Staffs.

To contain the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several vaccines have been developed. This study is intended to elucidate the level of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immunoglobulin G (anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG) antibodies for COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer BioNTech [BNT162b2], Oxford/AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1], and Sinopharm [BBIBP-CorV]) among health staff from health facilities in Duhok province, and it explored the immediate adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccines among participants. A longitudinal study was conducted from June 1, 2021, to June 30, 2022, and 300 participants were included through simple random sampling. The immune response 1 mo after the second dose was significantly higher than the sustained immune after 5 and 9 mo as results revealed that, in 100% of study samples who had (ChAdOx1) vaccine, their antibody titers exceeded the positivity threshold of 1 AU/m, while 96% for (BNT162b2) and 90% for (BBIBP-CorV) for the first test after 1 mo from the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and these rates were reduced to 94.6% for (ChAdOx1), 97.8% for (BNT162b2), and 81.9% for (BBIBP-CorV) at 5 mo after the second dose, while simultaneously the seropositivity rates were more reduced at 9 mo to 46.5% for (ChAdOx1), 67.5% for (BNT162b2), and 9.20% for (BBIBP-CorV). In terms of adverse reactionsss, fever was reported as the most prevalent after the first dose in 58% for ChAdOx1, 43% for BNT162b2, and 23% for BBIBP-CorV, followed by muscle pain, joint pain, and shoulder pain for both doses. The implications of the findings from this study are that higher and potentially longer antibody responses can be obtained if the BNT162b2 is given as compared with the other 2 vaccines. Moreover, the booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine are highly recommended because more than 50% of the participants either have become anti-spike protein negative or have a deficient level of anti-spike protein against COVD-19 vaccines.

Public Health Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability and Health Behaviors in South Africa: Past, Current, and Future Implications (2020–2022)

South Africa is facing a high burden of COVID-19 pandemic with low-vaccine coverage in the African Region. We aimed to investigate the temporal changes and impacts in health behaviors on vaccine acceptability in pre-, during-, and post-vaccine roll-out periods. In this cross-sectional study, we used the combined data from the nationally conducted “COVID-19 Vaccine Surveys (CVACS)” (May 2020–February/March 2022). Semiparametric regression models were used to capture the nonlinear association between the vaccine acceptability and health behaviors. Our study provided compelling evidence for a substantial decline in COVID-19 vaccine trust which shifted from 62%–70% to 26%–42% overtime. Participants younger than 40 years of age were less likely to receive the vaccine before it became available. However, this association changed in the postvaccine period with significant uptake in vaccine acceptance in younger groups. South Africans who identified themselves as black were more likely to intend to receive (aORs ranged: 1.93−3.60) and to trust the vaccine’s safety and efficacy (aORs ranged:1.79−1.23) in all time periods. “Mask wearing” and “frequent hand washing” were the most commonly reported behaviors. Given the lower rates of vaccine acceptability and a reduction in preventative health behaviors, monitoring the spread of infections is crucial and may have significant clinical and epidemiological implications.

The safety, quality evaluation, and lot release of COVID-19 vaccines imported and used in Nigeria from march 2021 to march 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona 2 Virus (SARS-COV-2 Virus) was a major global health crisis that resulted in severe illness and death around the globe. The swift development of effective vaccines against the disease to mitigate severe illness and death was one of the greatest public health scientific achievements. Most of these vaccines required cold storage and were exported to many developing countries with resource limitations to verify the quality of these products. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) regulates the quality of vaccines imported into Nigeria. This study provides summaries of data collected and QC measures conducted on all the COVID-19 vaccines imported into Nigeria within 2021–2022. Cold-chain parameters and other data requirements for meeting international standards for assessing the quality of vaccines were conducted in ISO17025-accredited laboratories of the Nigerian FDA. QC tests used to assess the safety of the products included tests for sterility, bacterial endotoxin, abnormal toxicity, pH, Physical appearance, extractable volumes, protein tests, and DNA: protein ratios. The products yielded satisfactory compliance, however, there were unsatisfactory sterility and protein test results for two batches of the samples tested. There are additional non-QC regulatory measures employed by NAFDAC to ensure the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines, including supply chain management. Out of ninety-five batches of different COVID-19 vaccines evaluated, 95.5% passed sterility testing. There is a 100% pass of all the vaccines for the Bacteria Endotoxin Test while an 80% pass was observed for the protein content.

When Should I Get My Next COVID Vaccine? Data from the SUrveillance of responses to COVID-19 vaCcines in systEmic immunE mediated inflammatory Diseases (SUCCEED)study.

To determine how serologic responses to COVID vaccination/infection in immunemediated inflammatory disease (IMID) are affected by time since last vaccination and other factors. Post-COVID-19 vaccination, data and dried blood spots/sera were collected from adults with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus, ankylosing spondylitis/spondylarthritis and psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis. First sample was at enrolment and then 2-4 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after latest vaccine dose. Multivariate generalized estimating equation regressions (including medications, demographics, and vaccination history) evaluated serologic response, based on log-transformed anti-RBD IgG titres; we also measured anti-nucleocapsid IgG. Positive associations for log-transformed anti-RBD titres were seen with female sex, number of doses, and self-reported COVID infections in 2021-2023. Negative associations were seen with prednisone, anti-TNF agents, and rituximab.Over 2021-2023, most (94%) of anti-nucleocapsid positivity was associated with a self-reported infection in the 3 months prior. From March 2021 to Feb 2022, anti-nucleocapsid positivity was present in 5-15% of samples and was highest in the post-Omicron era, with anti-nucleocapsid positivity trending to 30-35% or higher as of March 2023. Anti-nucleocapsid positivity in IMID remained lower than Canada's general population seroprevalence (>50% in 2022 and >75% in 2023).Time since last vaccination was negatively associated with log-transformed anti-RBD titres, particularly after 210 days. Ours is the first pan-Canadian IMID assessment of how vaccine history and other factors affect serologic COVID-19 vaccine responses. These findings may help individuals personalize vaccination decisions, including consideration of additional vaccination when >6 months has elapsed since last COVID vaccination/infection.

Two Kinds of Vaccine Hesitancy

ABSTRACT We ask whether it is reasonable to delay or refuse to take COVID-19 vaccines that have been shown in clinical trials to be safe and effective against infectious diseases. We consider two kinds of vaccine hesitancy. The first is geared to scientifically informed open questions about vaccines. We argue that in cases where the data is not representative of relevant groups, such as pregnant women and ethnic minorities, hesitancy can be reasonable on epistemic grounds. However, we argue that hesitancy is not reasonable if a vaccine has passed well-conducted clinical trials. The second kind of hesitancy is to do with beliefs about the institutions offering a successfully trialled vaccine and the justifiability of cooperating with those institutions. For example, in the UK, distrust of the UK Government or the National Health Service is identified as a factor in the vaccine hesitancy of minority ethnic populations. We ask whether this sort of hesitation is reasonable given normative requirements of fair co-operation, both with those institutions and the wider population. We suggest that the answer is not straightforward. Sometimes the hesitation is unreasonable but understandable.

COVID-19 Vaccinations, Business Activity, and Firm Value

COVID-19 Vaccinations, Business Activity, and Firm Value

Gaining a better understanding of online polarization by approaching it as a dynamic process.

Polarization is often a cliché, its conceptualization remains approximate and no consensus has been reached so far. Often simply seen as an inevitable result of the use of social networks, polarization cannot be viewed solely from an ideological or affective perspective. We propose to better understand the issue polarization by approaching it as a sequential process, drawing on a dual expertise in political and data sciences. We compare the polarization process between one mature debate (COVID-19 vaccine) and one emerging debate (Ukraine conflict) at the time of data collection. Both debates are studied on Twitter users, a highly politicized population, and on the French population to provide key elements beyond the traditional US context. This unprecedented analysis confirms that polarization varies over time, through a succession of specific periods, whose existence and duration depend on the maturity of the debate. Importantly, we highlight that polarization is paced by context-related events. Bearing this in mind, we pave the way for a new generation of personalized depolarization strategies, adapted to the context and maturity of debates.

The Prevalence and Determinants of Hesitancy for Regular COVID-19 Vaccination among Primary Healthcare Patients with Asthma or COPD in Greece: A Cross-Sectional Study

The emergence of novel coronavirus mutations and signs of the waning immunity provided by COVID-19 vaccines underscore the importance of regular vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of regular COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and the factors that influence it among patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who visited primary care centers. The cross-sectional study was conducted in six primary healthcare centers in Crete, Greece (October–December 2023). Participants completed a questionnaire, which included questions about socio-demographic characteristics, health status, previous COVID-19 booster vaccination, attitudes, and beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors that influenced vaccine hesitancy. Of the 264 participants, 65% exhibited hesitancy towards COVID-19 booster vaccination. Female gender, middle age, lower educational attainment, depression diagnosis, concerns about vaccine side effects, lack of confidence in vaccine efficacy, and reliance on media information were positively associated to vaccine hesitancy. Conversely, those having a cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes, those generally adhering to the recommendations of the treating physician, and those having previously received the flu vaccine or more than three COVID-19 vaccine doses were positively associated with regular COVID-19 vaccinations. Consequently, our findings could help develop strategies that could potentially reduce regular vaccination hesitancy among patients with asthma or COPD.

Using social media surveys and interventions to address vaccine hesitancy in Saudi Arabia

Background: Countering COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has been a challenge in Saudi Arabia, one of the countries affected most by the pandemic in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Aims: To identify information needs, perceived benefits, concerns, trusted information sources, social norms, and predictors for COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Saudi Arabia and identify effective messaging strategies to increase vaccination intentions among the unvaccinated. Method: Between March and April 2021, we conducted an online cross-sectional survey (N = 2883), and in part, a randomized experiment for unvaccinated participants (n = 675) in Saudi Arabia using Facebook Ads and Messenger. Unvaccinated participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 message conditions and after message exposure, participants were asked if they planned to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Results: In total, 2883 adults participated in the survey. All message framings worked equally well, with no statistically significant difference between the arms. Approximately 80% of the participants across all message conditions said they intended to vaccinate. However, participants wanted to know more about the vaccines; about 35% wanted to know more about vaccine efficacy, 31.5% about safety, 26.8% about health authority’s recommendation, and 3.7% about where to get the vaccines. Health workers (61.4%) and scientists and epidemiologists (25.7%) were the most trusted sources. Others were family members (7.5%), community leaders (2.2%), religious leaders (1.6%), friends (1.4%), and celebrities and social media influencers (0.2%). Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy can be overcome by understanding individuals’ decision-making processes and using effective risk communication targeted to their needs.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence screening study of a children’s hospital health care workers

Background Health care workers (HCWs) are front line responders to the COVID-19 pandemic, but limited data is available for pediatric HCWs, as the research response has largely focused on adult patients and medical personnel that treat these patients. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and risk factors in HCWs at a Children’s Hospital in CO, USA from September 2020 to April 2021. Pediatric HCWs were defined as clinical care providers and administrative staff. Seroprevalence was determined using the Epitope SARS-CoV-2 anti-Nucleocapsid IgG assay (San Diego, CA) and the Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike Protein IgG assay. Risk factors and vaccination status were assessed via questionnaire. Results Overall, 110 HCWs were enrolled, 79 subjects were positive for anti-S antibodies and negative for anti-N antibodies, indicating COVID-19 vaccination. 31 subjects had neither anti-N or anti-S antibodies, indicating no exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and no vaccination. 3/110 had a nucleocapsid serology consistent with a SARS-CoV-2 prior infection. Seroprevalence was observed at 2.7%. It was noted that asthma requiring medication was associated with positive serostatus. Conclusions During the winter 2020/21, SARS-CoV-2, we found a 2.7% seroprevalence of pediatric HCW at a children’s hospital in Colorado. We compared this with publicly available seroprevalence data for seroprevalence rates of pediatric HCWs globally. This suggests that this specific children’s hospital COVID-19 personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection control guidelines were effective in limiting SARS-CoV-2 in hospital transmission at the children’s hospital prior to the presence of the Delta variant.

Antibody Response before and after the Booster Dose of Inactivated Corona Vaccine in Antibody Deficient Patients

Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are among the high-risk groups regarding COVID-19. Receiving booster doses (third and fourth) in addition to the standard doses is recommended in these patients. This study investigated the antibody response before and after a booster dose of Sinopharm vaccine in IEI patients.&#x0D; Thirty patients (&gt;12 years) with antibody deficiencies, referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital and Children's Medical Center in Tehran, were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. All patients were fully vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (2 doses of Sinopharm). Initial measurements of anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) IgG antibody responses were conducted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, all patients received a booster dose of the vaccine. Four to six weeks after booster injection, the levels of antibodies were re-evaluated.&#x0D; Twenty patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 7 cases with agammaglobulinemia and 3 patients with hyper IgM syndrome were studied. Anti-RBD IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies increased in all patients after the booster.&#x0D; Our results indicated the need of receiving booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with antibody deficiencies, even for enhancing humoral immune response specially in patients with CVID.